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Hoffer earned his PhD in Economics from West Virginia University and his undergraduate degree from Washington & Jefferson College

In the months before the law came into force, the industry launched a number of alternative products

Reducing exposure to tobacco smoke and eliminating cigarette smoking can lower the risk and severity of strokes, leading to better outcomes for both current smokers and ever smokers who choose to quit

In summary, the relationship between smoking and stroke is well-established, with smoking behavior being a key modifiable risk factor

Executive summary Tobacco use is now a well-documented threat to global health