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This "remodeling" effect creates a more fertile scalp environment, while its natural anti-inflammatory properties reduce the scalp redness and irritation that often accompany thinning

Moreover, two PLP-dependent enzymes are required to convert homocysteine to the amino acid cysteine in homocysteine transsulfuration pathway: cystathionine -synthase and cystathionine -lyase ( Figure 5 ) (34)

PLoS One 17 (8), e0273527

Neurogenic inflammation in acute migraine attacks is characterized by a TVS activation-induced release of neuropeptides, such as CGRP and substance P, from trigeminal nerve fibers at the dura, which causes increased vascular permeability, plasma protein extravasation, leukocyte infiltration, vasodilation, mast cell degranulation, activation of meningeal nociceptors, and the subsequent release of inflammatory mediators (5)