The encouraging news is that, when correctly diagnosed, it is very treatable
Key pathophysiologic mechanisms include: Mucosal barrier dysfunction: Impaired epithelial tight junctions allow bacterial translocation, triggering innate immune activation T-helper cell dysregulation: Predominantly Th1 and Th17 pathways drive chronic inflammation via TNF-, IL-12, IL-23 the basis for biologic therapy targets Transmural inflammation: Unlike UC (mucosal only), CD involves all layers: mucosa submucosa muscularis propria serosa Granuloma formation: Non-caseating granulomas are pathognomonic but present in only ~3050% of biopsies Fibrosis and stricture: Chronic inflammation activates myofibroblasts collagen deposition luminal narrowing obstructive symptoms Fistula formation: Transmural ulcers penetrate serosa form sinus tracts connect to adjacent bowel, bladder, vagina, or skin 7
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How long does typical treatment last for similar situations
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) plays a key role in: Making healthy red blood cells (helping prevent certain types of anaemia) Supporting nerve function Helping normal energy metabolism Supporting cognitive function and mood (when deficiency is present) Because the body doesnt produce B12, we rely on dietary sources (primarily animal products and fortified foods) and on absorption through the gut
