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The GLP-1 hormone is rapidly inactivated by the enzyme DPP-4, with a half-life of only 12 min
Muotri AR, Chu VT, Marchetto MC, Deng W, Moran JV, Gage FH
In male Nrf2 -/- knockout mice, there was a reduction in gene expression levels of antioxidant enzymes in the testis and epididymis, including catalytic glutamate cysteine ligase ( Gclc ), glutamate cysteine ligase modifying subunit ( Gclm ) the rate-limiting enzyme in GSH synthesis glutathione transferase m1 ( Gstm1 ), Gstm2 , Gsta3 , and Sod2 , as well as a depletion in GSH concentration and GPX activity compared to wild-type males
Compared to the 9% and 12% formulations, the 5% formulation kept a steady drug concentration in a simulated intestinal fluid