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Sensing of DAMPs by innate immune receptors triggers inflammation, which can be beneficial in initiating the processes that restore tissue homeostasis but can also drive inflammatory diseases

doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.09.024 170

Studies have demonstrated that microbiota-derived SCFAs serve as natural ligands for free fatty acid receptors 2/3 (FFAR2/3), activating signaling pathways in enteroendocrine cells, immune cells, and other cell types ( 3.1.3 Microbial metabolism of dietary fiber, protein, and fat Dietary fiber metabolism: non-digestible carbohydrates represent the primary fermentation substrates for gut bacteria

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access is limited to approved clinical trials, while testosterone is available via NHS or regulated private services for confirmed hypogonadism or specialist-supervised gender-affirming care