Pathogen recognition receptors: ligands and signaling pathways by toll-like receptors
Table 3 summarises key studies documenting changes in gut microbiota associated with ALD, particularly focusing on bacterial species reported in more than two studies.145 146 149172 Table 3 Immune cells within the gut, including dendritic cells, innate lymphoid cells, MAIT cells and T cells, form the immunological barrier.8 These cells secrete antimicrobial peptides and IgA, which play crucial roles in maintaining tolerance to commensal microbes and defending against pathogenic organisms.173 Chronic alcohol consumption impairs this immune function
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