Methods for studying TNF-induced autophagy
The study included 9,650 patients who took either Rybelsus 14 mg once daily or a placebo, along with their usual care, and were followed up for about four years
Abbreviations T2DM: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus GLP1: Glucagon-like peptide1 GIP: Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c GLP1RAs: Glucagon-like peptide1 receptor agonists GIPR: Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor GLP1R: Glucagon-like peptide1 receptor CVD: Cardiovascular Disease MACE: Major Adverse Cardiovascular Event HF: Heart Failure HFrEF: Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction HFpEF: Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction ASCVD: Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease CVOTs: Cardiovascular Outcome Trials SA: Sinoatrial ICAM-1: Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 GDF15: Growth Differentiation Factor 15 CRP: C-reactive protein LPS: Lipopolysaccharide TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4 NLRP3: NOD-like receptor protein 3 TNF-: Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha IL-1: Interleukin-1 beta IL-6: Interleukin-6 TUNEL: Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling BCAA: Branched-chain amino acids BCKA: Branched-chain ketoacids HOMA2-IR: Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance LDL: Low-Density Lipoprotein VLDL: Very Low-Density Lipoprotein BP: Blood Pressure References Willard FS, Douros JD, Gabe MB, Showalter AD, Wainscott DB, Suter TM, Capozzi ME, van der Velden WJ, Stutsman C, Cardona GR et al
For some therapies, pharmacies may be able to explore sublingual formulation options when clinically appropriate and prescribed by a qualified provider
doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106367 87
