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Abbreviations AADC aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase ADHD attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome Akt protein kinase B ART antiretroviral therapy BH4 tetrahydrobiopterin BMDM bone marrowderived macrophages CCL2 C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 CCR5 C-C chemokine receptor type 5 CCR9 C-C motif chemokine receptor 9 CD Crohns disease CNS central nervous system COMT catechol-O-methyltransferase CREB cAMP response element-binding protein CRP C-reactive protein CSF cerebrospinal fluid CXCL8 C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 CXCR3 CXC chemokine receptor 3 CYP2D6 cytochrome P450 2D6 DAMP damage-associated molecular pattern DAT dopamine transporter DOPAC 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid EAE experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis ERK1/2 extracellular signal-related protein kinase 1/2 Fc Fc-gamma receptor GAD generalized anxiety disorder GI gastrointestinal GPCR G-protein coupled receptors G s G s heterotrimeric G protein G i G i alpha subunit of the G i heterotrimeric G protein G s G s alpha subunit of the G s heterotrimeric G protein H 2 O 2 hydrogen peroxide HIV human immunodeficiency virus hMDM human monocyte-derived macrophages HPA hypothalamicpituitaryadrenal HVA homovanillic acid IBD inflammatory bowel disease IL interleukin IP3 inositol triphosphate I B IkappaB JNK c-Jun N-terminal kinase L-DOPA levodopa LID levodopa-induced dyskinesia LPS lipopolysaccharide MAO monoamine oxidase MAO-B monoamine oxidase B MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase M-CSF macrophage colony-stimulating factor MHC major histocompatibility complex MIA maternal immune activation mPFC medial prefrontal cortex MPTP 1-methyl-4phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine MS multiple sclerosis NAc nucleus accumbens neuroHIV neurologic human immunodeficiency virus NF- B nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells NK cell natural killer cell NLR nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor NLRP3 nucleotide-binding oligomerizationlike receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 NO nitric oxide PAMP pathogen-associated molecular pattern PBL peripheral blood lymphocyte PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cell PD Parkinsons disease PET positron emission tomography PFC prefrontal cortex PKA protein kinase A PKC protein kinase C PLC protein lipase C- PLWH people living with human immunodeficiency virus PP2A protein phosphatase 2 PRR pattern recognition receptor PTSD post-traumatic stress disorder RA rheumatoid arthritis RANKL receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa- ligand ROS reactive oxygen species SAD social anxiety disorder SbN substantia nigra SIV simian immunodeficiency virus SNP single nucleotide polymorphism SNRI serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor SSRI selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors SUD substance use disorders T f h T follicular helper cell TGF transforming growth factor T h T-helper TH tyrosine hydroxylase TLR toll like receptor TLR toll-like receptor TNF- tumor necrosis factor alpha T regs regulatory T-cells T rm CD8 + T resident memory cells TSPO translocator protein TYRP tyrosinase-related proteins VMAT2 vesicular monoamine transporter 2 VTA ventral tegmental area Authorship Contributions Wrote or contributed to the writing of the manuscript: Channer, Matt, Nickoloff-Bybel, Pappa, Agarwal, Wickman, Gaskill