The researchers collected plaque samples from under the gums of 123 people who showed no current signs of oral disease: 25 smokers, 25 nonsmokers, 20 e-cigarette users, 25 former smokers using e-cigarettes and 28 people maintaining both cigarette smoking and vaping habits at the same time
In survey-weighted Poisson models ( Table 2 ) adjusting for demographics and non-ONP tobacco or nicotine use, females had lower prevalence of current ONP use than males (fully-adjusted prevalence ratio [APR] = 0.38, 95% CI 0.260.56)
One study examined development in children averaging three years of age and did not find differences between exposed and unexposed children
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