[22] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease [edit] Smoking is found to be the most important causative factor leading to COPD
But the all important question is How
I felt rather bitter about this
We build the structure to fit
These considerations lead to suggest that future studies could, separately, assess the dierent elements of the PS-ECDI (frequency of consumption, motivation, withdrawal, diculty in quitting, and craving), include other instruments used in the assessment of similar characteristics (see review of Bold et al., 2018), and assess its correlation with other measures of consumption, for example, the amount of nicotine consumed in mg (as carried out by Foulds et al, 2015) or biomarkers of nicotine concentration in the blood (as in Piper et al., 2019)