The European Union remains the main import market, accounting for 41% of the volume shipped in 2016, followed by the Far East (28%), North America (12%), Eastern Europe (7%) and Africa / Middle East and Latin America (both with 6%)
CONCLUSIONS Despite advertising restrictions in place in all four countries, most young people reported being exposed to e-cigarette advertising
The Scorecard is based on four key components: cigarette price, change in affordability, tax structure, and tax share of retail price
This technique enabled manufacturers to control nicotine delivery precisely, engineer burn characteristics that made cigarettes easier to inhale, incorporate additives such as sugar, licorice, and cocoa to mask bitterness and enhance palatability, and extend product shelf life
The following three databases were searched on 20 September 2019 with an update on 19 January 2021: Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid PsycINFO, and Ovid EMBASE