The study defined tobacco exposure as a child reporting smoking, living with a smoker or having serum cotinine levels, which measures recent exposure to nicotine, greater than 0.05 micrograms per liter
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Knowing the type can help guide treatment plans and expectations
In a comparative study of fetuses exposed to cigarette smoke in utero compared with those who were not, DNA methylation patterns in brain tissue were found to differ significantly
Summary Keywords smoking, prevention, adolescents, norms, social influence, social networks, moderation analysis, low and middle-income countries Citation Murray JM, Snchez-Franco SC, Sarmiento OL, Kimbrough EO, Tate C, Montgomery SC, Kumar R, Dunne L, Ramalingam A, Krupka EL, Montes F, Zhou H, Moore L, Bauld L, Llorente B, Kee F and Hunter RF (2025) Moderators of peer influence effects for adolescents smoking and vaping norms and outcomes in high and middle-income settings
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