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Those harmful effects may be also caused by trace metals such as nickel, chromium, tin, aluminium, all of which are leached from e-cig core assembly (25,26)
It is also a natural choice for smokers who are familiar with premium brands and want a more pronounced experience without moving into harsh or unbalanced territory
The following factors were included as covariates for potential confounders or risk factors: sex (male or female), grade (7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, or 12th), academic performance (high, middle, or low), area of residence (metropolitan, urban, or rural), residence type (living with or without family), economic status (high, middle, or low), subjective health condition (healthy, normal, or unhealthy), physical activity over 1 h and five times per week (yes or no), drinking experience (yes or no), smoking status (never, ex-smoker, or current smoker), sleep satisfaction (satisfied, regular, or unsatisfied), stress perception (high, middle, or low), depressive symptoms in the past 12 months (yes or no), and year (2020, 2021, 2022, or 2023)
The croppers were men, and the stringers, who were seated on the higher elevated seats, were women and children
