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Research indicates that smoking approximately doubles the risk of stomach cancer, particularly affecting the upper part of the stomach near the esophagus, known as the gastric cardia

H., & Bulik, C

Furthermore, recent studies clearly show the harmful effects of WP smoking on human health, which include chronic bronchitis, emphysema, coronary artery disease, lung, gastric and esophageal cancers, and osteoporosis along with significant effects on embryogenesis 5,6

Thirty-three existing health and functioning-related measures were also retrieved for item mapping and to inform item generation of the instrument

The reality, however, is that it could have been worse