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A Johns Hopkins Medicine-led analysis of medical information gathered on a diverse group of almost 250,000 people over four years has significantly clarified the link between the exclusive use of e-cigarettes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), as well as high blood pressure in a sub-group of adults 30 to 70 years of age

These are the very people who stand to benefit most from switching away from cigarettes, yet they may be deterred by overly burdensome requirements

coli , Campylobacter species, and Mycobacterium species) [135], and a greater number of mucosal surface-associated bacteria with higher adherence and invasion compared with healthy control subjects [136]

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more than 10.000-fold different as shown in our results on a population basis, e.g