Covariates Based on previous literature and clinical relevance, the following covariates were included in the analysis: age, sex, race, family poverty-income ratio (PIR), body mass index (BMI), maternal age at childbirth, birth weight, smoking during pregnancy, asthma, and health insurance status 13,18-20
The smoking effects on heart health are undeniable, from causing chest pain to significantly increasing the risk of heart attacks
Smoking in Hong Kong [edit] Smoking in certain public places in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region has been banned from 1 January 2007 under the government's revised Smoking (Public Health) Ordinance (Cap
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As nicotine binds to receptors in the brain, it triggers a rush of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that plays a role in motivating behavior