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These assumptions form the foundation of the two-step Mendelian randomization (MR) mediation analysis employed in this study

More acute clinical reports have further underscored vapings potential for harm: in 2019, an outbreak of e-cigarette or vaping-associated acute lung injury (EVALI) in the US resulted in over 2,800 hospitalizations and 68 confirmed deaths, predominantly in adolescents and young adults (14)

Shiu from the Liberal Party opposed banning all alternate tobacco products

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