Together, these findings position cigarette butts as critical nodes in the urban resistome, emphasizing the need for targeted management and One Healthoriented interventions. The World Health Organization describes the One Health framework as an integrated, unifying approach that aims to sustainably balance and optimize the health of people, animals, and ecosystems.
A 10-year cohort study on the onset of hypertension among urban Japanese population [in Japanese] Koshueisei 1980 44 : 7075 Criqui MH et al
Kass AP, Overbeek DL, Chiel LE, Boyer EW, Casey AMH
When combined with other smoking cessation services like counselling and behavioural therapy, cold turkey can be an effective method to help a heavy smoker quit compared to unassisted quitting
You do not have to regularly clean out a mouthpiece and vaping tank